I call the third major stage in the emergence of high cultures the Iron Age. The symbolic meaning of iron is just as well known and clear as those of gold or silver. Iron is, above all, extremely hard and strong. It is thanks to these properties that man, ever since he learned how to…

When we move from the Golden Age of a culture to the Silver Age, it may seem at first glance like a loss of value, since gold is usually valued more highly than silver when it comes to money. However, there is a deeper symbolism behind these names: the vibrant brilliance of gold is replaced…

In the morphological model of great historical cultures, the emergence of cultures can be divided into three stages. The time has come to discuss the first of these stages in more detail. I have called it the Golden Age. But why? Gold is a symbol that evokes the living Nature: the shining locks of blond…

In order to examine cultural morphology, I must mention, alongside Oswald Spengler – and perhaps with even greater respect – the name and work of Giambattista Vico, who made important observations on the cognitive and intellectual development of human communities. Vico lived at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries AD, and was known…

Natural selection is now considered the most important mechanism of biological evolution but this was not always the case. When Charles Darwin first formulated the model, it was missing an essential part for practical application. At that time, only a very rudimentary understanding was available about biological inheritance. This was a disadvantage because the success…