{"id":128,"date":"2025-04-19T09:15:18","date_gmt":"2025-04-19T09:15:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/?p=128"},"modified":"2026-01-11T20:12:27","modified_gmt":"2026-01-11T20:12:27","slug":"the-heritage-of-giambattista-vico","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/en\/2025\/04\/19\/the-heritage-of-giambattista-vico\/","title":{"rendered":"The heritage of Giambattista Vico"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In order to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/2025\/02\/17\/cultural-morphology\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"97\">examine<\/a> cultural morphology, I must mention, alongside <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/2025\/02\/27\/in-the-footsteps-of-oswald-spengler\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"104\">Oswald Spengler<\/a> \u2013 and perhaps with even greater respect \u2013 the name and work of Giambattista Vico, who made important observations on the cognitive and intellectual development of human communities. Vico lived at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries AD, and was known to his contemporaries primarily as a professor of rhetoric at the University of Naples. In the eyes of posterity, his historical, sociological, philosophical and philological research gained much greater significance than this position, the results of which he published over several decades under the title \u201cPrinciples of a New Science Concerning the Common Nature of Nations\u201d. The work is typically referred to as \u201cNew Science\u201d. The book was written in archaic, baroque Italian, which is also reflected in the translations, so it is not an easy text, but it is still worth delving into. In the following, I would like to present Vico\u2019s most important results using modern concepts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/en\/2025\/04\/19\/the-heritage-of-giambattista-vico\/#Images_in_the_mirror\" >Images in the mirror<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/en\/2025\/04\/19\/the-heritage-of-giambattista-vico\/#The_three_modes_of_thinking\" >The three modes of thinking<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/en\/2025\/04\/19\/the-heritage-of-giambattista-vico\/#Gold_silver_iron\" >Gold, silver, iron<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Images_in_the_mirror\"><\/span>Images in the mirror<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giambattista Vico was arguably the first Western thinker to even consider the idea that people in different historical periods had fundamentally different ways of relating to the reality around them. At first glance, this assumption may seem obvious, but in fact, very few people take it seriously to this day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When we read that a man in the Middle Ages \u2013 let\u2019s call him Lothar \u2013 saw divine intent, angels, devils and saints behind natural phenomena, we tend to dismiss him. We think that Lothar was stupid, uneducated and superstitious, like almost everyone in the Middle Ages, and that this is why he misinterpreted reality. We implicitly assume that Lothar and we would see, hear and generally perceive exactly the same things in a given situation, and that the differences are due to the interpretation of the \u201cdata\u201d. Roughly speaking, we think that the hardware is the same in both cases, only the software is different, and that our newer software \u2013 modern rationality \u2013 has eliminated many of the annoying errors that were still present in Lothar\u2019s version.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This view is flawed for several reasons. While the main parallel about the sameness of \u201chardware\u201d and the difference of \u201csoftware\u201d may still be valid, the adherents of the modern rational worldview deceive each other and themselves about the nature of \u201csoftware.\u201d The human psyche has not only a conscious but also an unconscious part. To stick with our computer analogy, software consists not only of the user interface and programs, but also of the unseen depths of the operating system and the drivers of the connected devices. When we judge Lothar\u2019s consciously formulated statements, we should take into account that his conscious \u201cuser interface\u201d received completely different data from his unconscious \u201csystem program.\u201d Lothar not only explained reality differently than we do, he also experienced it differently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giambattista Vico put it this way: people see a reflection of their own souls in the outside world. Vico was centuries ahead of his time in this regard. This statement was clearly confirmed by the disciplines of Western science independently of each other, but typically much later, in the 20th century. Psychology discovered the unconscious, physics discovered quantum effects dependent on observation, and philosophy discovered <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/2025\/01\/12\/source-criticism-and-nihilism\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"86\">deconstruction<\/a>. We are not in a position to ridicule any worldview, because we have already shown precisely that our own is not based on any certainty. However, Vico did not stop there, but through the analysis of ancient Greco-Roman culture, he observed and described the mental changes that occurred during the development of human societies. He then compared the descriptions with the history of the West and found essential similarities. Thus was born the first cyclical view of history in Europe. Although Oswald Spengler did not, to my knowledge, directly refer to Vico&#8217;s work, the ideological kinship and heritage are undeniable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_three_modes_of_thinking\"><\/span>The three modes of thinking<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What does this historical cycle in the human psyche look like? To understand this, it is worth using some concepts that Vico did not yet know. We need to distinguish three types of human thinking.<sup data-fn=\"12fe0c95-f86c-4ebc-a9fd-c173bc83268b\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#12fe0c95-f86c-4ebc-a9fd-c173bc83268b\" id=\"12fe0c95-f86c-4ebc-a9fd-c173bc83268b-link\">1<\/a><\/sup> The first type is an almost automatic, all-pervasive activity that occurs in everyday life. It is called figuration. During figuration, our minds transform raw information from the senses into interpretable images (figures). During our waking lives, this happens moment by moment, unnoticed, but in some cases we can also consciously observe it. For example, if we wake up in an unfamiliar room in the middle of the night, it usually takes a few seconds for the blurry and faded spots that our eyes see to turn into recognizable objects. But the same process is also triggered by the tricky little picture in the following figure, which shows an impossible object called a blivet. If we look at one end of the blivet, we see three cylindrical rods, and if we look at the other end, we see two square rods meeting there. Switching between the two imagery requires figurative thinking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"244\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/figuration-244x300.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-129\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/figuration-244x300.png 244w, https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/figuration-768x946.png 768w, https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/figuration-10x12.png 10w, https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/figuration.png 830w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 244px) 100vw, 244px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>An example of figurative thinking: how should I look at this object?<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As the case of the blivet shows, there is not necessarily a meaningful connection between the images produced by figuration. However, they provide the basis for the next type of thinking, which we call abstraction. In abstract thinking, we examine and compare the characteristics of the images accumulated in our minds and organize them into categories \u2013 or, in other words, concepts. For example, we can see around us three four-legged creatures, whom we call Alfie, Poppy and Luna. However, since Alfie and Poppy tend to bark, and Luna meows, we can classify them into separate categories under the names \u201cdog\u201d and \u201ccat\u201d. Barking, meowing and four legs are no longer just characteristics of an image, but we abstract them (pull them away) from the concrete images and make them characteristics of concepts existing in our minds. We are able to handle a great many such categories, between which there may be very complex relationships. The more images a category includes, the more serious and general statements we can use it to make, but at the same time, the less it says about each original image individually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The third mode of thinking is reflection, which, in short, is nothing more than thinking about thinking. The human mind examines how figuration and abstraction work, and begins to sort through the images and concepts produced according to some criteria. Reflection is needed to realize that the blivet shown in the figure only exists when drawn. But reflection has also led scientists to the conclusion that the most useful common category for dogs and cats is often not \u201cquadruped\u201d, but, for example, \u201cmammal\u201d. Cats and dogs are more similar in many ways to their two-legged owner (who is also a mammal) than to a four-legged crocodile (who is, in turn, a reptile).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gold_silver_iron\"><\/span>Gold, silver, iron<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These three modes of thought dominate the three main stages of the historical cycle observed by Vico, in the order presented. The three modes are not, of course, sharply divided, but one of them always assumes a dominant role. I call the three stages the Golden Age, the Silver Age, and the Iron Age.<sup data-fn=\"8443c82c-ccee-4bb0-9bbe-82a643b6d3a4\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#8443c82c-ccee-4bb0-9bbe-82a643b6d3a4\" id=\"8443c82c-ccee-4bb0-9bbe-82a643b6d3a4-link\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"234\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/vico.drawio-1024x234.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-130\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/vico.drawio-1024x234.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/vico.drawio-300x68.png 300w, https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/vico.drawio-768x175.png 768w, https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/vico.drawio-18x4.png 18w, https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/vico.drawio.png 1245w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The scheme of the historical cycle of human thought according to Giambattista Vico<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/2025\/10\/10\/the-unicorn\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"139\">Golden Age<\/a> begins in a ruined society under extremely harsh and raw conditions with virtually no communal culture. The group of people in question then devotes most of their time and resources to mere biological survival, to satisfying their basic needs. These aspects determine how these people see reality. On this basis, they begin to shape their communal culture out of the initial confusion. They imbue the raw input conveyed by the senses with emotion and organize it into familiar, pictorial stories. Vico aptly calls this activity poetry, since in later ages only poets use metaphors, personification, and allegories. In the Golden Age, however, almost everyone is a poet, for at that time the only way to explain perceived experiences is through such poetic images and deeply meaningful symbolic stories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why not conceptual understanding instead of poetic images? Obviously because \u2013 as I outlined a few paragraphs earlier \u2013 concrete mental images are needed as a starting point before concepts can be created in the first place. The modes of thinking build on each other and are not interchangeable. Figurative stories are required to help with everyday survival, to preserve the knowledge of older generations for younger ones. More importantly, however, they must give meaning to such knowledge. The next generation needs to learn not only how to survive, but also why it is worth surviving the hardships of everyday life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Concept construction \u2013 i.e. abstraction \u2013 is primarily <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/2025\/11\/25\/the-phoenix\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"145\">characteristic of the following period, the Silver Age<\/a>. By the time of the new era, a whole storehouse of traditional poems is available, covering most of the sensory world. In the environment thus explored, people become so successful that their interest no longer extends only to the satisfaction of basic needs, but also to the more detailed course of environmental phenomena, their causes and the connections between them. Inherited images and stories are no longer only experienced and felt, but are also compared and grouped. Moreover, they try to adjust them with newer and newer theories in order to provide acceptable answers to new questions. However, these figurative works are only able to satisfy the curiosity about causes and consequences to a limited extent, or not at all. The failure is so spectacular that in the second half of the Silver Age, instead of improving the ancient tradition, rebellion against it increasingly becomes the most pressing challenge. Instead of their senses and emotions, people start to listen to their reason. Then they begin to dismantle the figurative tradition step by step, and put their newly created categories and the theories in its place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The selection between stories and theories that represent a community&#8217;s culture is a characteristic of reflexive thinking. However, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/2026\/01\/11\/the-dragon\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"162\">the real dominance of reflection comes only in the next period, the Iron Age<\/a>. Under the influence of clever and sophisticated abstract theories, people now find it difficult to imagine that the old poems could ever have been written for any other purpose than the conceptual systematization of phenomena, and therefore they are rejected as if they were entirely erroneous \u2013 or, worse, mendacious \u2013 theories. Thanks to reflection, more useful knowledge about the causes and consequences of things observed in the world is accumulated than ever before.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The increasingly penetrating and profound criticism of abstract theories, however, forces the Iron Age man again and again to discover that behind the concepts thought to be reasonable, ancient interpretations rooted in the community culture are hidden. Behind every category, ultimately, there are some figurative elements, and behind every argument, some axioms. Although by the beginning of the Iron Age it was possible to get rid of the consciously recognized results of emotional imagery, a great many symbols remained unconscious and unspoken. This is of course not surprising, if we consider that figuration is only partly a conscious activity. For the Iron Age, however, the unconscious heritage also seems to be a burden, and thinkers will not rest until ever deeper reflection has eliminated everything of this nature. On the other hand, they typically do not take into account that the things that give meaning and sense to human life are largely found in this layer of unconscious symbols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Golden Age found through figurative thinking why life is worth living, while the Iron Age questions this through reflection. Thus, in the shadow of extremely sophisticated, useful and rich conceptual systems, despair and chaos appear that affect the foundations of human existence. First on an individual level, mentally, and then on a communal level in culture and politics. The advanced \u2013 perhaps too advanced \u2013 society of the Iron Age is fatally weakened and drifts to the brink of destruction. Vico did not fail to observe that such collapses can provide favorable conditions for a subsequent Golden Age. The demise of one culture often goes hand in hand with the birth of another. Among the survivors there is often at least a group of people who start out with a clean slate, essentially \u201cfrom scratch\u201d, to rediscover the world. It takes centuries to move from the incoherent but perceptible world of images \u2013 brutality \u2013 to the equally incoherent but sophisticated world of concepts \u2013 madness \u2013 but the return journey can happen relatively quickly.<\/p>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-footnotes\"><li id=\"12fe0c95-f86c-4ebc-a9fd-c173bc83268b\">The main thrust of this chapter comes largely from John Michael Greer. In Greer\u2019s online writings, his analysis of the present and his taboo-busting speculations about the future often get back to Vico\u2019s work. The post in question is: <a href=\"https:\/\/archdruidmirror.blogspot.com\/2017\/06\/toward-green-future-part-two-age-of.html\">https:\/\/archdruidmirror.blogspot.com\/2017\/06\/toward-green-future-part-two-age-of.html<\/a> (access on 19 Apr 2025) <a href=\"#12fe0c95-f86c-4ebc-a9fd-c173bc83268b-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 1\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"8443c82c-ccee-4bb0-9bbe-82a643b6d3a4\">I stole these names from Hesiod and from the mythological timeline of ancient Indian religion. Although the two sources mentioned contain many points in common, and the interpretation here is not entirely independent of what they say, the intended meaning is generally different. <a href=\"#8443c82c-ccee-4bb0-9bbe-82a643b6d3a4-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 2\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In order to examine cultural morphology, I must mention, alongside Oswald Spengler \u2013 and perhaps with even greater respect \u2013 the name and work of Giambattista Vico, who made important observations on the cognitive and intellectual development of human communities. Vico lived at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries AD, and was known [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"The main thrust of this chapter comes largely from John Michael Greer. In Greer\u2019s online writings, his analysis of the present and his taboo-busting speculations about the future often get back to Vico\u2019s work. The post in question is: <a href=\\\"https:\/\/archdruidmirror.blogspot.com\/2017\/06\/toward-green-future-part-two-age-of.html\\\">https:\/\/archdruidmirror.blogspot.com\/2017\/06\/toward-green-future-part-two-age-of.html<\/a> (access on 19 Apr 2025)\",\"id\":\"12fe0c95-f86c-4ebc-a9fd-c173bc83268b\"},{\"content\":\"I stole these names from Hesiod and from the mythological timeline of ancient Indian religion. Although the two sources mentioned contain many points in common, and the interpretation here is not entirely independent of what they say, the intended meaning is generally different.\",\"id\":\"8443c82c-ccee-4bb0-9bbe-82a643b6d3a4\"}]"},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-128","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/128","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=128"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/128\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":171,"href":"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/128\/revisions\/171"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=128"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=128"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aurum-argentum-ferrum.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=128"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}